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Renewable sources of energy

  Renewable sources of energy   are the sustainable energy sources because the se   are not depleted with usage as they can be replenished either naturally or manually within the short time scale and hence can be used again and again. Advantages/Benefits of Renewable sources of energy ü  Ensure energy Security ü  R educ tion in   greenhouse gas emissions, ü  Help to combat   the change s in   climat ic conditions   T ypes of   Renewable sources of energy 1. Solar Energy Solar energy   is one of the most abundant and widely used renewable source s of energy which can be used as follows: i.  Either directly as heat for solar heater for boiling water/preparing food etc. ii.  Or converted   to electricity using Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Panels   which is then used as energy source for diverse purposes. Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Panels : These are the panels prepared using semiconductor materials (e.g., silicon) ...
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Bathochromic and Hypsochromic Shift

  B athochromic shift   -  It is the shift of the   absorption maxima (λ max ) of a substance   towards longer wavelengths . It is   also known as red shift .   Since, Energy (E) is inversely proportional to Wavelength. So, in Bathochromic shift----energy decreases and wavelength increases. In Bathochromic shift, energy decreases and wavelength increases. Factors causing Bathochromic shift: The bathochromic shift is caused by following: A.  Extending Conjugation i.  either by increasing double bonds ii.  or by adding electron donating groups ( like -OH, -NH 2 )   in conjugation to double bonds. B.  Solvent Effects i.  The less polar (non-polar) solvents cause bathochromic shift for n-π* transitions. ii.  The more polar (polar) solvents cause bathochromic shift for π-π* transitions. Example: Benzene shows  π-π* electronic transitions at 255 nm. Adding auxochrome NH 2   to the benzene ring makes it aniline an...
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Gross and Specific Selection rules for different molecular spectroscopies

Gross selection rule   tells whether a molecule will be active or inactive in a particular Spectroscopy.   Specific selection rule tells about the allowed changes in the magnitude of energy when it is active in a particular Spectroscopy.     Rotational or Microwave Spectroscopy Gross selection rule: permanent dipole moment  Specific selection rule: ∆J = +1 or -1 ( for rigid rotor) 2. Vibrational or IR Spectroscopy Gross selection rule: change in dipole moment during vibrations Specific selection rule: ∆v = +1 or -1 ( for harmonic oscillator) 3. Raman Spectroscopy Gross selection rule: change in polarizability  Specific selection rule:   ∆J = 0, +2 or -2   ∆v = +1 or -1  4. Electronic or UV-Visible Spectroscopy Gross selection rule: No stringent rule Specific selection rule: ∆s = 0  and ∆l = +1 or -1 5. Nuclear Magnetic  Resonance or Radio waves Spectroscopy Gross selection rule: nuclear spin should be no zero  Specific se...
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