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Hooke’s Law for IR spectrscopy

Hooke's Law is an equation which help s in interpreting the molecular vibrations  by assuming bonds as spring having masses (atoms) at two ends. When a molecule is exposed to infrared light, the  bonds between atoms can absorb specific frequencies of that light, causing the bonds to stretch ,  compress  or bend , just  like a spring.  This characteristic absorption of light corresponding to certain  specific vibrational frequencies helps in identifying the functional groups in that  molecule and thus adding to  the characterization of molecular structures.  The mathematical expression of Hooke’s law is given as follows: ν  = 1/2π√k/µ ῡ = 1/2πc√k/µ where: ·  ν  = the frequency of vibration ·  ῡ = Wave number (reciprocal of wavelength) ·  k  = the force constant ·  c = Velocity of light ·  Π = Constant ·  μ = reduced mass The reduced mass of the two atoms involved in the bond  is  calc...
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Bathochromic and Hypsochromic Shift

  B athochromic shift   -  It is the shift of the   absorption maxima (λ max ) of a substance   towards longer wavelengths . It is   also known as red shift .   Since, Energy (E) is inversely proportional to Wavelength. So, in Bathochromic shift----energy decreases and wavelength increases. In Bathochromic shift, energy decreases and wavelength increases. Factors causing Bathochromic shift: The bathochromic shift is caused by following: A.  Extending Conjugation i.  either by increasing double bonds ii.  or by adding electron donating groups ( like -OH, -NH 2 )   in conjugation to double bonds. B.  Solvent Effects i.  The less polar (non-polar) solvents cause bathochromic shift for n-π* transitions. ii.  The more polar (polar) solvents cause bathochromic shift for π-π* transitions. Example: Benzene shows  π-π* electronic transitions at 255 nm. Adding auxochrome NH 2   to the benzene ring makes it aniline an...
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Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

  Atomic Absorption Spectrometry is an absorption spectroscopic technique in which radiation of a particular frequency from a source is absorbed by non-excited neutral gaseous atoms  generated in an atomizer in their ground state. The light is absorbed in the UV-visible region and makes transitions to higher electronic energy levels. The amount  of light absorbed is quantified and this amount of absorption helps in determining the analyte concentration. (It follows Beer's Law) The concentration is measured by drawing a calibration curve  after calibrating instrument with a  standard of known concentration. Factors affecting  the amount of light absorbed Length of path transversed Concentration of absorbing atoms in the vapour state. The diagrammatic representation of Atomic Absorption Spectrometer are shown in the below diagram:  Components Used in Atomic Absorbance Spectrometer: 1. Hollow Cathode Lamp: Acts as source of radiation  It is a sha...
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